How Press Brakes Are Used in Automotive Manufacturing

The automotive industry relies on a complex network of metal-forming processes to transform flat sheet materials into structural components capable of withstanding extreme loads, vibrations, and crash forces. Among all forming technologies used on today’s production lines, the press brake remains one of the most indispensable. From electric vehicle battery housings to chassis reinforcements, interior brackets, and underbody protections, precision bending ensures that each component fits, performs, and interacts exactly as engineers intend. As carmakers push toward lightweighting, electrification, and increasingly automated factories, the role of press brakes has expanded far beyond simple metal bending—they now serve as a cornerstone of modern automotive manufacturing strategy, quality control, and innovation.

Introduction: Why Press Brakes Matter in Automotive Manufacturing

The Ubiquity of Formed Metal in Modern Vehicles

Automotive manufacturing depends heavily on precise, repeatable, and durable sheet-metal forming processes. Among all bending technologies available today, press brakes remain one of the most influential tools in shaping the vehicle structures, interior components, safety systems, and even electric-vehicle battery enclosures. While many people associate cars with casting and welding, much of the vehicle’s structural precision begins with press-brake-formed parts.

Press brakes allow automotive engineers to transform flat steel or aluminum sheets into functional, load-bearing components. This bending capability is vital because modern vehicle designs rely on tightly controlled geometries that optimize weight, strength, crash performance, and aerodynamics. Without press brakes, many of these shapes would require costly multi-step manufacturing processes or would be entirely impossible to fabricate with stable tolerances.

Why “Automotive Press Brake Applications” Is a Key Topic Today

The core keyword of this article—automotive press brake applications—reflects a rapidly expanding field within global manufacturing. As automakers shift toward lightweighting, electrification, and modular platforms, the demand for precision-formed sheet metal continues to grow. More complex geometries are required for battery housings, EV cooling systems, underbody protections, and impact-absorbing structures. These needs are shaping the role that press brakes play on modern factory floors.

Industry reports from organizations such as SAE International and WorldAutoSteel indicate that the average vehicle now uses more than 25% more high-strength steel and 30–40% more aluminum than cars produced two decades ago. These materials rely heavily on bending—especially controlled CNC bending—to achieve the desired performance characteristics¹.

How the Automotive Industry Relies on Press Brake Precision

Automotive manufacturing is extremely sensitive to tolerances, especially in the body-in-white (BIW) and chassis subsystems. Even a 0.5 mm bending deviation can affect robot welding alignment, door fitment, or crash-test performance. Press brakes provide the fine control required by automakers, particularly with CNC systems capable of real-time compensation and laser angle measurement.

Because automotive plants typically run high-volume production, consistency is just as important as accuracy. A press brake that produces 5,000 identical parts must maintain identical bending angles across every shift. Hydraulic servo systems, precision backgauges, and automatic crowning make this possible, ensuring that every chassis bracket or cross-member meets the required specifications without secondary adjustments.

Overview of Press Brake Technology in the Automotive Sector

Evolution of Press Brake Use in Automotive Factories

Press brakes have been part of automotive manufacturing since the earliest days of mass production. In the 1920s and 1930s, mechanical press brakes dominated factory floors, shaping basic structural components and brackets. However, these early machines were limited in accuracy and produced variations that required manual correction. As automotive models became more sophisticated, manufacturers demanded higher consistency and repeatability, paving the way for hydraulic press brakes in the late twentieth century.

The shift from mechanical to hydraulic technology dramatically improved bending force control. Hydraulic systems distribute pressure evenly across the ram, allowing for more predictable forming behavior. Automakers began using these improved machines for safety-critical components where inaccuracies were unacceptable. Later, the introduction of CNC control revolutionized the entire workflow, enabling digital precision, automated angle correction, and seamless integration with CAD/CAM software. Today, modern automotive plants rely on CNC hydraulic and electric press brakes to produce thousands of complex parts with minimal operator intervention.

Types of Press Brakes Commonly Used in Automotive Manufacturing

Automotive factories employ several types of press brakes, each chosen based on material, part geometry, and volume. Hydraulic press brakes remain the most widely used due to their high tonnage capabilities and stability when forming advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). These steels are essential for crash-resistant structures, and hydraulic systems provide the force and control needed to shape them reliably.

Alongside hydraulic systems, servo-electric press brakes are increasingly popular in EV production lines and precision interior component manufacturing. These machines excel in energy efficiency, speed, and repeatability. They are particularly useful for bending thinner aluminum panels used in EV battery enclosures and lightweight bodywork. Meanwhile, hybrid press brakes, which combine hydraulic and servo-electric technology, offer a balance between raw force and energy-saving performance, making them appealing to Tier 1 and Tier 2 automotive parts suppliers.

The Growing Importance of CNC Control in Automotive Bending

The automotive sector relies extensively on CNC control not only for precision but also for traceability. With global manufacturing standards such as IATF 16949, automotive suppliers are required to track every production step, including bending parameters. Modern CNC systems store bending programs, angle measurements, material data, and error logs, allowing manufacturers to demonstrate compliance during audits².

CNC technology also ensures consistency regardless of operator skill level. A well-written bending program minimizes human error and allows factories to maintain productivity even during labor shortages. Furthermore, CNC press brakes can interface with ERP systems, MES software, and robotic loading units, turning the bending station into a fully integrated part of the automated production line.

Material Trends Influencing Press Brake Use in Automotive Plants

The materials used in modern vehicles influence press brake technology choices. Traditional mild steel still plays a role in many structural components, but automotive companies are increasingly adopting lightweight materials such as aluminum, magnesium alloys, and hot-formed ultra-high-strength steel (UHSS). Each material demands different bending strategies and press brake capabilities.

Aluminum, for example, is more prone to springback, requiring precise angle measurement and automatic compensation systems. UHSS, on the other hand, demands higher tonnage and tighter tooling tolerances to prevent cracking. Press brake manufacturers are continuously improving their machines to meet these material challenges, integrating adaptive crowning, real-time load sensing, and intelligent bending algorithms.

Key Automotive Components Manufactured with Press Brakes

Press brakes are deeply embedded in almost every part of a vehicle’s structural and functional design. From the body-in-white (BIW) to EV battery trays, suspensions, interior brackets, and even exhaust systems, bending technology shapes components that define safety, comfort, and performance. Understanding these automotive press brake applications helps illustrate why this equipment is considered foundational in both legacy and modern automotive production.

Body-in-White (BIW) Structural Components

Chassis Reinforcement Brackets

One of the most widespread uses of press brakes in automotive manufacturing is the formation of chassis reinforcement brackets. These components support major loads and absorb forces during cornering, acceleration, and crashes. Because these brackets must align perfectly with the vehicle frame, bending errors greater than one degree can create misalignment that may affect downstream welding operations.

Press brakes are uniquely capable of maintaining strict tolerances for these brackets, especially when forming high-strength steel. Many BIW reinforcement designs incorporate multiple bends at varying angles, and CNC press brakes ensure each bend follows a precise sequence to prevent deformation or distortion. As automotive safety standards increase globally—particularly following Euro NCAP and IIHS testing protocols—accuracy in forming reinforcement brackets becomes even more critical³.

Cross-Members and Support Beams

Cross-members strengthen the vehicle frame and improve crash energy management. These parts are often formed from thick-gauge steel or ultra-high-strength steel that requires substantial forming force. Hydraulic press brakes with 200–600 tons of capacity are commonly used in the fabrication of these components.

These beams often feature long bending lengths, demanding advanced crowning systems to eliminate deformation across wide sections. Automotive manufacturers rely on adaptive crowning to automatically adjust curvature during the bending stroke, producing perfectly straight beams even at high volumes. Because cross-members interface with multiple subsystems—body, drivetrain, exhaust, battery mounts—dimensional accuracy ensures these systems assemble smoothly.

Exterior Body Panels and Structural Supports

Door Frames and Inner Panels

Press brakes play a major role in forming structural elements behind door skins. While outer panels are typically produced using stamping dies, the inner reinforcements, impact beams, and mounting brackets are often created through bending. These components must balance lightweighting with stiffness, especially in side-impact protection systems.

Aluminum is increasingly used in door construction for EVs and high-end vehicles. Because aluminum has a high springback rate, press brakes equipped with laser angle measurement and automatic springback compensation have become standard for these parts. The CNC controller monitors real-time feedback and adjusts the stroke depth accordingly, ensuring each piece meets the same angle and curvature requirements.

Hood and Tailgate Reinforcements

Although outer hood and trunk panels are stamped, many of their reinforcement ribs and mounting structures are bent using press brakes. These pieces often consist of thin-gauge aluminum or high-strength steel formed into U-shaped, Z-shaped, or hat-shaped profiles. These geometries provide stiffness without significantly increasing weight.

Modern hoods incorporate pedestrian safety features, requiring complex deformation zones. Press brake-formed supports must maintain extremely tight tolerances to ensure predictable energy absorption during impact events. Automakers increasingly rely on digital simulation tools (such as ANSYS and Altair HyperWorks) to design reinforcement profiles, and CNC bending equipment reproduces these shapes reliably on the factory floor.

EV Battery Systems and Electric Vehicle Components

Battery Trays and Housings

The rapid global shift toward electric vehicles has opened a new frontier for press brake applications. Battery trays—large aluminum structures that support and protect lithium-ion battery packs—are predominantly manufactured through bending and welding operations. Because battery trays must remain completely rigid to prevent cell damage, their structural consistency is non-negotiable.

Press brakes produce the flanges, ribs, and sealing channels that give the tray its rigidity. Aluminum alloys such as 6061-T6 or 5052 are common in these housings due to their corrosion resistance and weight advantages. However, these materials require careful bending to avoid cracking. Servo-electric press brakes offer precise force control ideal for aluminum battery-tray fabrication⁴.

Cooling Plate Channels and EV Thermal Structures

Battery cooling systems rely on channels formed from thin metal sheets—typically aluminum—that carry coolant or facilitate heat dissipation. Press brakes are widely used to bend these narrow channels with consistent geometry, ensuring uniform flow and thermal performance.

Because EV thermal management is directly tied to battery lifespan and charging efficiency, even small deviations in channel shape can lead to temperature imbalances. CNC bending programs stored in the press brake controller allow automotive suppliers to produce thousands of identical channels for each battery pack model.

High-Voltage Component Supports

Many EV components—including inverters, converters, and power-distribution units—are mounted on metal brackets formed using press brakes. These brackets require precision because they often serve dual roles: structural support and heat sinking. The ability of servo-electric press brakes to maintain repeatability across long production runs ensures consistent mounting and grounding performance.

Suspension & Underbody Systems

Control Arm Brackets and Mounting Plates

Suspension systems rely heavily on press-brake-formed brackets. These components must withstand dynamic loads while maintaining exact alignment with the frame and suspension geometry. Even slight angular inaccuracies can affect vehicle handling, tire wear, and overall stability.

Press brakes equipped with angle-measurement sensors ensure control-arm brackets maintain proper alignment. For UHSS materials used in performance and SUV applications, hydraulic press brakes deliver the required tonnage while preserving structural integrity.

Underbody Protection Plates

Off-road vehicles, SUVs, and EVs often feature underbody shields made from aluminum or high-strength steel. These plates are typically cut using laser machines and then bent into shape using press brakes. The forming process must be precise so the plates fit flush against the vehicle’s frame, preventing debris from intruding and improving aerodynamic flow.

In EVs, underbody shields also act as thermal and fire protection barriers for battery packs. These panels frequently incorporate complex geometries, requiring multiple bends achieved through synchronized CNC bending operations.

Interior and Dashboard Components

Instrument Panel Supports and Crossbars

Behind every dashboard lies a network of supports that hold clusters, HVAC systems, infotainment units, and safety sensors in place. Many of these components are formed by press brakes from thin-gauge steel sheets or lightweight alloys. Bending ensures that these supports maintain dimensional stability despite vehicle vibrations and temperature fluctuations.

Modern interior designs incorporate more screens, sensors, and modules, increasing the number of mounting brackets required. These brackets must be consistent across all vehicles to ensure the seamless installation of electronic components on the assembly line.

Seat Frame Components

Seat frames incorporate several bent components, including reinforcement ribs, side supports, and mounting brackets. Because seats are subject to dynamic loading—especially during crash events—the components require high structural integrity. Press brakes enable the precise shaping of complex profiles that combine strength with minimal weight.

Automakers performing global production rely on bending programs stored in CNC systems to ensure seat-frame consistency across factories in different countries.

Exhaust and Powertrain Support Components

Exhaust Hangers and Heat Shields

Many sheet-metal exhaust components, such as mounting hangers, supports, and heat shield brackets, are manufactured using press brakes. These pieces often require accurate bends at narrow angles to ensure proper fitment around the underbody and exhaust layout.

Heat shields, made from aluminum or stainless steel, are particularly dependent on bending accuracy. The shield must maintain a fixed distance from the exhaust system, and inconsistent bending may result in noise, vibration, or even thermal damage.

Transmission and Engine Mount Brackets

Press brakes shape the brackets that support engines and transmissions. These brackets must handle static and dynamic loads, including vibration, torque transfer, and road shock absorption. Bending accuracy ensures proper alignment with the drivetrain assembly, reducing NVH (noise, vibration, harshness) issues.

High-strength steel is common in these brackets, requiring press brakes with precise tonnage control and robust tooling capable of withstanding repeated high-pressure bending.

How Press Brake Precision Supports Automotive Quality & Safety

Press brakes play a crucial role in determining how safe, reliable, and high-performing a modern vehicle becomes. Automotive engineering relies heavily on repeatable bending accuracy because even minor defects can create major downstream failures in welding, alignment, crash behavior, and overall vehicle integrity. The quality assurance (QA) and safety functions supported by press brake technology are especially vital now, as the industry shifts toward lightweighting, electrification, and increasingly stringent safety regulations worldwide.

Dimensional Accuracy and Its Impact on Vehicle Assembly

The Role of Precision in Body-in-White (BIW) Welding

Accuracy during bending directly impacts BIW welding, which forms the skeleton of the vehicle. When a bracket, reinforcement beam, or structural flange is bent even slightly out of tolerance, robotic welding arms must compensate, often stretching their motion envelope or adjusting position dynamically. These micro-corrections reduce welding reliability and can lead to weak joints or misaligned panels.

Press brakes equipped with real-time angle sensors, adaptive crowning, and CNC compensation systems ensure that each bent part fits the BIW jig with predictable accuracy. Automotive factories that maintain tolerance errors below ±0.5° typically see fewer welding issues, lower scrap rates, and improved process efficiency. According to a 2024 quality-control report from AIAG (Automotive Industry Action Group), dimensional deviations in BIW brackets are one of the leading causes of welding rework⁵.

Impact on Robotic Assembly & Automation Precision

Modern automotive assembly lines use thousands of robots to perform welding, fastening, handling, sealing, and inspection. These robots depend on highly consistent part geometries. When press-brake-formed components vary, it forces the robots to adapt their positioning, slowing down the cycle time and increasing the risk of equipment wear.

CNC press brakes help ensure that every component entering the assembly line is uniform. Automakers often integrate their press brakes with in-line 3D measuring systems or laser scanning units. These feedback loops verify that each batch of bent parts stays within specification, reducing the chance of robotic faults.

Structural Strength and Crash Performance

Importance of Formed Steel in Crash Energy Absorption

Crash performance is a critical metric in automotive engineering. Structural components such as cross-members, bumper beams, roof bows, and floor reinforcements must deform predictably during a crash to absorb kinetic energy. Press brakes contribute significantly to shaping these components, ensuring their angles and profiles match the deformation behavior predicted by simulation tools.

When a bent section is too shallow or too deep, the component may absorb energy unevenly or fail prematurely. Because crash-test ratings are closely tied to consumer trust, manufacturers rely on precise bending processes to maintain safety standards set by global bodies such as:

• Euro NCAP
• NHTSA
• JNCAP
• ASEAN NCAP
• China NCAP

Each rating system evaluates structural integrity, and bent components directly influence the outcome⁶.

Managing Springback, Cracking, and Material Fatigue

Automotive materials—especially UHSS and aluminum—are highly sensitive to springback and micro-cracking during bending. If springback is not controlled through CNC compensation or correct tooling selection, the final component may not align with the designed geometry, weakening the structure.

Advanced press brakes use:

• Laser angle measurement
• Adaptive bending algorithms
• Servo or hybrid ram control
• Automatic crowning tables
• Tool wear compensation systems

These technologies ensure that even challenging materials behave predictably. Accurate bending reduces fatigue stress in critical load-bearing components, increasing vehicle lifespan and crashworthiness.

Quality Control and Compliance with Global Standards

Automotive QA Frameworks That Depend on Bending Precision

Automotive suppliers operate under strict quality frameworks, the most notable being IATF 16949, which governs everything from material traceability to process validation. For press brake operations, this includes:

• Maintaining detailed bending records
• Verifying angle and dimension accuracy
• Tracking tooling changes
• Documenting machine calibration
• Ensuring operator certification

CNC press brakes support these standards by digitally recording every bend, including the force curve, ram depth, and angle measurement. Auditors can review these logs to verify compliance.

Statistical Process Control for Press Brake Operations

High-volume automotive production relies on statistical process control (SPC). Manufacturers monitor variations within bending processes to ensure they stay within acceptable ranges. Even small shifts—caused by tool wear, oil temperature, or material batch variation—can be detected through SPC charts generated from CNC press brake data.

This approach helps Tier 1 and Tier 2 suppliers reduce scrap, improve yield, and maintain the quality necessary for just-in-time (JIT) supply chains, where even minor production delays can disrupt an entire assembly plant.

Surface Quality and Finish Requirements

Preventing Scratches, Dents, and Tool Marks

Many automotive components must meet strict surface-quality requirements because they interface with design surfaces, sealing components, or visible interior parts. Press brake tooling plays a crucial role in preventing surface defects. Using polished dies, protective films, and low-friction materials helps eliminate scratches and dents.

Even invisible tool marks can cause problems later in the assembly process, such as improper sealing in weatherstrip channels or uneven fitment for interior trim. Modern automotive factories often specify custom tooling profiles designed specifically for delicate components such as aluminum trim supports or heat shields.

Surface Preparation for Painting and Coating

Bent components must also be suitable for downstream operations:

• Electrocoating (e-coat)
• Powder coating
• Automotive paint layers
• Anti-corrosion treatment

If the bending process creates micro-cracks or rough edges, these can trap contaminants that cause paint defects. Consistency in bending angle and edge finish improves coating adhesion and reduces rework costs. Automakers often conduct salt-spray and adhesion tests on bent components to verify long-term corrosion resistance.

Influence on NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness) Performance

How Bent Components Impact Vehicle Acoustics

NVH engineering is increasingly important as EVs become quieter and more sensitive to vibrations. Press-brake-formed parts such as brackets, crossbars, and reinforcement plates influence how vibrations travel through the chassis. Even slight inaccuracies in bending can change the stiffness of these components, affecting resonant frequencies.

If a bracket is bent off-spec, it may transmit more vibration into the cabin, increasing noise levels. Precision bending ensures the structural stiffness distribution matches the engineered NVH model developed during vehicle design.

Maintaining Mounting Accuracy for NVH Dampers

Automotive NVH systems include rubber bushings, acoustic dampers, insulation panels, and vibration mounts. These components rely on accurately bent mounting structures to function properly. Misaligned mounting points can reduce damper effectiveness, leading to unwanted cabin vibrations.

CNC press brakes maintain tight control over angle repeatability, contributing directly to vehicle comfort and perceived quality.

Integration of Press Brakes into Modern Automotive Production Lines

Press brakes have evolved from standalone bending machines into critical nodes of fully automated, data-driven automotive production systems. Modern factories—especially those producing EVs—require synchronized workflows, real-time quality control, and minimal downtime. Press brakes now interface with robots, automated storage systems, intelligent tooling, and enterprise software platforms, forming an indispensable part of the smart manufacturing ecosystem.

The Role of Press Brakes in Automated Manufacturing Environments

Transition from Manual Operation to Fully Automated Cells

Historically, press brakes were operated manually, with skilled operators relying on experience to adjust bending sequences and angles. Today, automation has transformed bending into a predictable, highly repeatable process. Robots handle sheet-loading, alignment, flipping, and unloading, while CNC systems manage angle measurement, compensation, and process verification.

This shift significantly reduces labor dependency and enhances safety by eliminating direct human interaction with the bending zone. Automotive factories—especially those in Europe, North America, Japan, and South Korea—have widely adopted robotic bending cells to support high-volume production while maintaining consistency across thousands of identical parts.

Reducing Human Error and Increasing Manufacturing Throughput

Press brakes integrated with automation deliver not only higher repeatability but also faster production cycles. Robots can manipulate sheets more efficiently than human operators, especially when handling large or heavy components such as cross-members or battery-tray panels.

By minimizing interruptions and manual repositioning, automated press brake cells significantly reduce takt time—the fundamental measure of production speed—allowing automotive plants to maintain steady output. Automation also ensures each bend is executed according to digitally stored programs, eliminating variability caused by operator fatigue, inexperience, or inconsistent technique.

Integration with Robotic Handling and Smart Material Flow Systems

Robotic Loading and Unloading Systems

Robots equipped with vacuum grippers, magnetic lifters, or mechanical clamps load sheets onto the press brake with precise orientation. These robots communicate directly with the CNC controller to confirm sheet dimensions, detect alignment, and execute multi-step bending sequences.

This level of integration is especially important for complex components that require multiple bends in different orientations. Robots can reposition sheets without introducing alignment errors, increasing accuracy and reducing scrap rates. Automotive Tier 1 suppliers often rely on fully automated bending cells for battery trays, crash components, and underbody panels, where precision is critical.

Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (AS/RS)

Press brake cells are frequently linked with vertical or horizontal material storage towers. These systems store raw sheets, semi-finished parts, and finished components in organized trays and automatically deliver them to the machine or robot as required.

The integration of AS/RS with press brakes supports:

• Just-in-time (JIT) production
• Reduced factory footprint
• Lower labor costs
• Continuous operation with minimal operator intervention

This automated workflow is commonly found in factories operated by major automotive suppliers in Germany, Japan, and the United States, where throughput and space utilization are key performance indicators.

Digital Connectivity: MES, ERP, and Industry 4.0 Integration

Linking Press Brakes with Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES)

Modern press brakes connect to MES platforms that monitor real-time machine status, bending parameters, tool usage, operator logs, and production counts. This integration enables automotive manufacturers to react quickly to operational bottlenecks, material shortages, or quality deviations.

MES systems also coordinate bending tasks with upstream and downstream processes, ensuring that the correct components are bent at the right time to maintain flow across welding stations, paint lines, and final assembly.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Supply-Chain Synchronization

ERP systems track material usage, inventory, purchase orders, and demand forecasts. When press brakes are connected to ERP systems, automotive suppliers gain complete visibility into their bending operations:

• Material batches can be traced back to individual vehicles
• Tool wear is forecasted to prevent unexpected downtime
• Production schedules automatically adjust based on demand changes

This digital synchronization ensures that automotive factories—many of which run 24/7—stay aligned with global supply chain requirements.

Industry 4.0 and IIoT Sensors in Press Brake Systems

Modern press brakes are equipped with Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) sensors that measure ram position, force, temperature, oil pressure, vibration, and tool wear. These sensors feed data into cloud platforms or factory servers, enabling advanced analytics such as:

• Predictive maintenance
• Production optimization
• Quality anomaly detection
• Energy usage monitoring

Automotive manufacturers worldwide are investing heavily in IIoT-enabled forming equipment to reduce downtime and enhance traceability⁷.

Tooling Management and Automation in Automotive Press Brake Operations

Automatic Tool Changers (ATC) for High-Mix Production

Automotive suppliers often produce multiple variants of brackets, channels, and reinforcements on the same machine. Manually changing tools is time-consuming and prone to setup errors. Automatic tool changers allow press brakes to switch between tool sets within minutes—sometimes seconds—without human intervention.

ATC units:

• Reduce setup time by up to 90%
• Minimize tool alignment errors
• Enable high-mix, low-volume production common in EV component manufacturing

This capability is essential for automotive suppliers managing hundreds of part references and multiple OEM contracts simultaneously.

Intelligent Tool Identification and Wear Tracking

Press brake tooling increasingly incorporates embedded RFID chips or QR codes that store information such as:

• Tool geometry
• Serial numbers
• Wear history
• Recommended tonnage
• Maintenance intervals

The CNC controller automatically reads this data, ensuring that only compatible tools are used for each program. Wear tracking alerts the operator when a punch or die reaches end-of-life, preventing quality issues or damage to expensive materials like UHSS.

Integration with Upstream and Downstream Processes

Laser Cutting + Press Brake Workflows

In almost all automotive factories, bending operations are paired with fiber laser cutting. The laser creates flat patterns with extremely high accuracy, and the press brake transforms them into three-dimensional shapes. Seamless integration is essential to maintain consistency between the cutting tolerances and bending requirements.

Many automotive suppliers use software solutions like BySoft, Delem Profile-T, Trumpf Boost, or LVD CADMAN to create unified workflows that automatically generate cutting and bending programs. These systems reduce programming time and ensure that cut parts nest perfectly into bending sequences.

Welding and Assembly Integration

Press-brake-formed components often undergo welding—manual, robotic, or laser—immediately after bending. Inaccurate bends can lead to poor weld penetration, distorted assemblies, or increased fixture complexity.

CNC press brakes help ensure that parts entering the welding station maintain consistent geometries, allowing:

• Robotic welders to follow optimized paths
• Fixtures to require minimal adjustment
• Assemblies to meet dimensional verification standards

Automotive OEMs emphasize this integration to reduce cycle times, scrap, and warranty claims.

Challenges and Technical Considerations in Automotive Bending

Automotive bending is far more demanding than general sheet-metal fabrication. Vehicles must meet stringent safety, structural, and performance standards, and the materials used—especially ultra-high-strength steels (UHSS) and aluminum alloys—are increasingly difficult to form. Press brakes used in automotive applications must therefore overcome a range of technical challenges to ensure accuracy, repeatability, material integrity, and long-term reliability.

Challenges Related to Advanced Automotive Materials

Forming Ultra-High-Strength Steel (UHSS)

UHSS is at the heart of modern automotive safety structures. Components like crash beams, impact-absorbing reinforcements, and chassis stiffeners rely on these steels because of their superior strength-to-weight ratio. However, UHSS introduces significant bending challenges due to its resistance to deformation and tendency to crack under excessive pressure.

Press brakes used to form UHSS must apply extremely high tonnage with precise distribution across the entire bending length. Even minor variations in pressure or ram alignment can initiate micro-cracks that compromise structural integrity. As global crash-safety standards become stricter, manufacturers rely heavily on CNC-controlled bending profiles, adaptive crowning, and tool materials that withstand the high forces required for UHSS forming.

Material databases integrated into CNC controllers—such as those used in Delem, Cybelec, and ESA CNCs—help operators predict springback and adjust bending sequences accordingly⁸.

Bending Aluminum for Lightweight Vehicle Structures

Aluminum is widely used in EV battery trays, body panels, hood structures, and thermal management systems. However, its high springback rate requires highly controlled bending strategies. Aluminum’s ductility and softness also make it vulnerable to surface damage, meaning tooling finish and die radius selection must be carefully optimized.

Press brakes handling aluminum must incorporate laser angle sensors or real-time angle measurement systems to detect deviations during bending. Automatic springback compensation adjusts the ram stroke mid-process, ensuring the final angle meets the design specification. The use of servo-electric press brakes has increased in aluminum-heavy EV production, as servo systems provide consistent speed, force modulation, and predictable feedback loops.

Magnesium & Composite Integration Challenges

With automotive lightweighting accelerating, some manufacturers experiment with magnesium sheets and hybrid metal-composite structures. These materials are highly sensitive to bending radius, surface pressure, and heat generation. Press brakes engaging with magnesium must maintain tightly controlled parameters to avoid cracking or delamination in composite layers.

Although not yet commonplace, bending solutions for composite-reinforced metal sheets require specialized tooling and precise control algorithms. Automotive R&D centers often collaborate with press brake OEMs to evaluate new forming techniques for these emerging materials.

Springback, Tooling Wear, and Angle Compensation

Understanding Springback in Automotive Manufacturing

Springback—the elastic recovery of metal after bending—is one of the most challenging aspects of automotive press brake applications. Materials used in structural components, such as DP780, DP1000, and martensitic steels, exhibit high springback due to their elevated yield strength. If not properly compensated, springback leads to angle deviations, poor fitment, and assembly misalignment.

CNC press brakes combat springback using:

• Laser angle measurement systems
• Pressure sensors for force monitoring
• Bending algorithms that adjust stroke depth dynamically
• Real-time material feedback loops
• Adaptive crowning tables

These technologies ensure that even complex multi-bend components maintain accurate geometries.

Tooling Wear and Its Impact on Automotive Tolerance Requirements

Tool wear is a major concern in high-volume automotive production. As punches and dies wear out, bending angle consistency decreases, causing variations across batches. Automotive suppliers must track and compensate for tooling wear to maintain the strict tolerances required for BIW, chassis, and EV components.

Many press brakes now incorporate:

• RFID tool identification
• Tool wear monitoring
• Automatic die alignment systems
• Predictive-tool-life algorithms

Such features reduce the risk of forming defects and help ensure that inexpensive tooling issues do not disrupt expensive downstream welding or assembly processes.

Multi-Bend, Complex Profiles, and Accuracy Challenges

Managing Bend Sequencing for Complex Automotive Components

Many automotive components require multiple bends that must be performed in a precise sequence to avoid collisions, deformation, or dimensional drift. Examples include:

• Seat-frame reinforcements
• Battery-tray flanges
• HVAC bracket systems
• Cross-member end flanges
• Suspension mounting structures

If the bending sequence is not optimized, certain bends may interfere with tooling or cause the sheet to warp. Advanced offline programming software helps engineers simulate different bending orders, detect collisions, and ensure the component can be formed without compromising accuracy.

Maintaining Angular Consistency Across Long Bends

Automotive components like bumper beams and underbody reinforcements often exceed 2 meters in length. Bending long pieces introduces challenges related to deflection, uneven force application, and crowning.

Hydraulic press brakes with adaptive crowning compensate for machine deflection by actively adjusting the table to match the applied tonnage. Servo-electric press brakes, while typically lower in tonnage, maintain extremely high repeatability across their entire bending length, making them ideal for long but thin aluminum EV components.

Heat Generation, Lubrication, and Tool Protection

Heat Buildup During High-Tonnage Bending

UHSS and high-volume production create significant heat within the bending zone. Elevated temperatures can alter the sheet’s microstructure and reduce tool life. Automotive factories combat this through:

• Lubricated tooling
• Advanced cooling channels in CNC press brakes
• Optimized bending speeds
• Hard-coated punches and dies

Heat mapping sensors are becoming more common in high-end bending systems, allowing maintenance teams to monitor thermal trends that may affect accuracy.

Protecting Aluminum and Painted Sheets

Aluminum, stainless steel, and pre-painted automotive sheets require tooling and handling surfaces that prevent scratching. Many automotive suppliers use:

• Polymer-coated dies
• Radiused tooling
• Protective films
• Low-friction tool inserts

Press brake OEMs increasingly design custom tools for delicate components like interior reinforcements and trim mounting brackets.

Collision Avoidance, Safety Interlocks, and Ergonomics

Collision Avoidance for Complex Geometries

Large or intricately shaped automotive parts can collide with the ram or backgauge during bending. Modern press brakes use 3D simulation software to detect potential collisions. Real-time sensors monitor part movement and automatically stop the ram if unsafe positioning is detected.

Safety Interlocks and Operator Protection

Automotive bending demands high safety standards. Press brakes employ:

• Light curtains
• Laser protection systems (DSP)
• Two-hand controls
• Guarding zones
• Contactless safety scanners

These features ensure operators remain protected even during high-force bending operations⁹.

Trends Shaping the Future of Press Brake Use in Automotive Manufacturing

The automotive industry is undergoing its most significant transformation in a century. Electrification, lightweighting, digital manufacturing, sustainability mandates, and the rise of autonomous vehicles are reshaping how vehicles are designed and produced. Press brakes—long considered “traditional” forming machines—are now evolving into intelligent, highly connected, and energy-efficient systems central to next-generation car production.

As these megatrends accelerate, the demands placed on press brake technology will fundamentally shift. Manufacturers must produce lighter yet stronger components, minimize waste, and achieve unprecedented levels of accuracy. This chapter explores the key trends redefining automotive press brake applications today and over the coming decade.

Lightweighting and Its Influence on Bending Strategies

Growing Use of Aluminum in EV Body Structures

Electric vehicles require lighter structures to offset battery weight and maximize driving range. Aluminum consumption per vehicle has risen steadily and is projected to exceed 500 lbs per unit for many EVs by 2030. This shift puts greater emphasis on bending thin aluminum sheets used for:

• Battery enclosures
• Cooling plates
• Crash structures
• Hood and door reinforcements
• Thermal barriers

Because aluminum exhibits high springback and surface sensitivity, press brakes capable of extremely precise ram control and real-time angle measurement will dominate EV production.

Advanced Multimaterial Design and Hybrid Constructions

Future vehicles often combine materials such as:

• UHSS + Aluminum
• Aluminum + Magnesium
• Metal + Composites

These combinations require bending machines that can adapt to large variations in ductility and forming behavior. Hybrid press brakes—combining hydraulic force with servo-electric precision—are emerging as an ideal solution for multimaterial production lines.

Automakers increasingly run “flexible forming cells” where the same bending station can switch between different materials and part families using automatic tool changers and AI-assisted bending programs.

Electrification and the Rise of EV-Specific Bending Applications

Press Brakes for Battery Tray Manufacturing

Battery trays are fast becoming one of the most critical components of an EV. They must be:

• Structurally rigid
• Corrosion-resistant
• Crash-safe
• Thermally stable
• Dimensionally consistent

Press brakes form many of the flanges, ribs, and geometry features that provide this rigidity. As battery designs evolve—from modular packs to structural battery packs—bending precision will directly influence vehicle safety and performance.

Some EV platforms now use cell-to-pack and cell-to-chassis designs, requiring more complex formed metal structures than ever before.

EV Cooling Systems & Heat Management Components

Thermal management is essential for EV safety, fast charging, and battery life. This has created explosive demand for press-brake-formed components such as:

• Cooling channels
• Battery heat spreaders
• Motor cooling plates
• Inverter mounting structures

These components must maintain precisely formed channels and tightly controlled flatness to ensure uniform coolant flow.

Structural Battery Packs & Integrated Body Designs

Some EV manufacturers are transitioning to structural battery packs that form part of the vehicle’s load-bearing frame. This requires extremely high bending precision because even a 0.2 mm misalignment can propagate through the vehicle’s architecture.

Press brakes capable of machine-learning-based compensation will be essential for supporting this new generation of structural battery designs.

Automation, Robotics, and the Fully Connected Smart Factory

Growth of Robotic Bending Cells

Robotic bending cells are becoming standard in automotive Tier 1 factories. Robots handle:

• Sheet loading
• Pre-bend alignment
• Multi-directional flipping
• Final unloading

This ensures stable 24/7 production with minimal variation. In high-volume battery housing or chassis-bracket manufacturing, robotic bending cells deliver:

• Faster takt time
• Lower labor costs
• More consistent quality
• Improved operator safety

Real-Time Data Exchange Through IIoT and Cloud Connectivity

Industry 4.0 is reshaping press brake functionality by enabling continuous communication with:

• MES systems
• ERP platforms
• SPC dashboards
• Tooling databases
• Maintenance alerts
• Cloud-based analytics

Real-time bending data helps factories detect anomalies early, reduce scrap, and maintain traceability down to the individual vehicle.

According to a 2025 McKinsey report on digital manufacturing, factories with IIoT-enabled forming cells achieve up to 30% fewer quality defects and 15% higher machine uptime¹⁰.

AI-Assisted Bending Optimization

Artificial intelligence is transforming how bending programs are created and executed. AI-driven systems can:

• Recommend optimal bending sequences
• Predict springback based on material batch data
• Adjust ram speed and pressure dynamically
• Identify tooling wear patterns
• Suggest preventive maintenance windows

AI-driven bending not only improves accuracy but also reduces the reliance on highly skilled operators—a critical factor as manufacturing faces global labor shortages.

Sustainability and Environmental Considerations

Energy Efficiency and Servo-Electric Press Brake Adoption

Environmental regulations and carbon-neutrality pledges by automakers (such as those by Toyota, Volkswagen, and GM) are accelerating the shift toward energy-efficient machinery. Servo-electric press brakes consume up to 50–70% less energy compared to hydraulic systems during idle times and low-force operations.

EV factories, in particular, prefer servo-electric machines for producing aluminum components because they combine:

• Low energy use
• High repeatability
• Lower maintenance
• Cleaner operation (no hydraulic oil)

Reducing Material Waste Through Precision Bending

Sustainability is not only about power consumption; it also concerns material optimization. Scrap reduction is a major priority for automotive OEMs. Press brakes equipped with angle verification, automated tool selection, and intelligent bending algorithms significantly reduce waste caused by inaccurate bends.

Material scrap can cost an automotive plant millions of dollars annually, especially when working with expensive UHSS and aluminum alloys.

Human+Machine Collaboration in Future Factories

Assisted Operation Rather Than Full Automation

Although robotic bending cells are growing rapidly, many automotive plants—especially in emerging markets—still rely on skilled operators. Future press brakes are being designed with “collaborative capability” where:

• The machine handles accuracy
• The operator handles judgment
• Software guides the bending sequence
• Sensors prevent unsafe bending angles

This hybrid model ensures both productivity and flexibility.

Next-Generation User Interfaces

Press brakes now feature intuitive UIs similar to tablets or smartphones, allowing:

• Drag-and-drop bending sequences
• CAD file auto-import
• Simulation-based setup
• Voice-assisted programming
• Real-time error visualization

These improvements significantly reduce training time and make bending accessible even to less experienced operators.

Case Studies: Real-World Automotive Press Brake Applications

Press brakes play a foundational role in shaping many of the most critical components within today’s vehicles. While previous chapters explained the technology and engineering principles behind automotive bending, this section demonstrates how press brakes are applied in real manufacturing environments. These case studies illustrate the wide range of components formed through bending, the challenges encountered, and the solutions implemented to meet global automotive standards.

Case Study 1: Battery Tray Manufacturing for Electric Vehicles

Background: Structural Battery Trays for an EV Platform

As automakers continue shifting toward electric mobility, battery trays have evolved into one of the most strategically important automotive parts. For a major EV brand developing its next-generation platform, the battery tray needed to meet strict requirements:

• High torsional rigidity
• Tight dimensional tolerance within ±0.25 mm
• Lightweight aluminum construction
• Sealing channels with consistent depth
• Compatibility with automated welding robots

The Press Brake Solution Implemented

The manufacturer adopted servo-electric press brakes integrated into a robotic bending cell. Servo-electric systems were preferred due to:

• Superior repeatability over long bending distances
• Lower heat generation (important for aluminum forming)
• Fine ram control to maintain consistency in sealing flanges

Laser angle measurement systems monitored every bend in real time. When variations were detected due to material batch differences, the CNC controller automatically applied springback compensation.

Outcome and Measurable Improvements

• Dimensional deviations dropped by 42% compared to the previous hydraulic-only setup.
• Scrap rates fell from 7.3% to 2.8%.
• Robot welding cycle time was reduced because components required no re-fixturing.
• Battery tray sealing performance improved during pressure testing, reducing leak failures.

This case demonstrates how press brakes are not merely forming tools but precision enablers for mission-critical EV systems.

Case Study 2: High-Strength Steel Chassis Brackets for SUVs

Background: Increasing Strength Requirements

A global SUV platform required stronger front and rear subframes to accommodate larger engines and heavier loads. The engineering team specified DP1000 high-strength steel for new mounting brackets. However, DP1000 posed multiple forming challenges:

• High tonnage requirements
• Pronounced springback
• Risk of micro-cracking
• Narrow tolerance window for robotic welding

Implementation of a Hydraulic CNC Press Brake with Adaptive Crowning

The supplier installed a 320-ton hydraulic CNC press brake equipped with:

• Adaptive crowning
• Real-time angle sensors
• Automatic tonnage distribution control
• Tooling with advanced coating for wear resistance

Engineers used offline simulation software (e.g., Delem Profile-T) to determine the optimal bending sequence and minimize part deformation.

Results Observed in Production

• Bracket rejection rates decreased by over 60%.
• Stress concentration points were eliminated through tooling adjustments.
• Robotic welding consistency improved, reducing weld porosity and misalignment errors.
• Jig changes were reduced, lowering fixture maintenance costs.

This case highlights the importance of matching press brake technology to material challenges when producing safety-critical components.

Case Study 3: HVAC Bracket Systems for Passenger Cars

Background: Interior Component Complexity

As car interiors become more sophisticated—incorporating multiple screens, sensors, and climate systems—HVAC brackets have grown increasingly complex. A Tier 1 supplier faced issues producing a multi-bend aluminum HVAC bracket with the following issues:

• Inconsistent angles across batches
• Surface scratches due to tooling friction
• Fitment issues causing noisy HVAC airflow
• Time-consuming manual alignment

Adoption of Precision Servo Bending and Coated Tooling

The supplier upgraded to a servo-electric press brake with soft radiused dies suitable for sensitive aluminum components. This reduced surface damage significantly.

Additionally:

• A custom-built tool set was designed to eliminate micro-slippage.
• The CNC system automatically calibrated angle compensation for each bend.
• The bending program was optimized to reduce unnecessary flipping operations.

Final Performance Results

• Surface defect rate fell from 4.5% to under 0.5%.
• Assembly-line workers reported a 30% reduction in HVAC alignment issues.
• Noise and vibration during blower operation improved measurably.
• Part cycle time dropped by 18%.

This showcases how press brakes contribute not only to structural performance but also to refinement and cabin comfort.

Case Study 4: Exhaust Heat Shield Production for a Hybrid Vehicle

Background: Thin Material + Complex Geometry

A heat shield used in a hybrid vehicle required tight folds along narrow channels cut from 0.6 mm aluminum alloy. The main challenges:

• Material too thin for conventional dies
• Risk of cracking and distortion
• Channel bends exceeding 180°
• Production volume over 1.2 million units per year

Specialized Tooling and High-Speed CNC Bending

To accommodate delicate aluminum, the supplier introduced:

• Urethane dies to prevent marking
• Precision-ground punches with reduced friction coatings
• High-speed bending modes for thin-gauge materials
• Automated backgauge positioning for narrow channels

The CNC system also automatically corrected bend depth depending on material temperature and batch variability.

Results and Impact

• Zero cracking observed after switching tooling materials
• Cycle times dropped from 22 seconds to 14 seconds per unit
• Material waste reduced by 17%
• Robots were able to pick and place parts with 99.2% positioning accuracy

Press brakes proved essential in shaping lightweight thermal components for hybrid systems.

Case Study 5: Large Underbody Protection Plates for Pickup Trucks

Background: Heavy-Gauge Steel + Large Dimensions

Pickup trucks require extensive underbody protection for off-road and high-load operation. A North American truck manufacturer needed to bend large protection plates made from:

• 3–5 mm thick HSLA steel
• Lengths exceeding 2400 mm
• Multiple consecutive bends
• Aesthetic requirements due to visible installation

Solution: 600-Ton Press Brake with Robotic Sheet Handling

Due to the size and weight of the plates, manual operation was not feasible. The supplier implemented:

• A 600-ton hydraulic press brake
• A dual-robot handling system
• Automatic crowning for long parts
• Offline simulation for collision avoidance

The robots synchronized with the ram movement, preventing sagging or misalignment.

Outcome

• Production throughput increased by 55%
• Operator injuries dropped to zero
• Bending accuracy improved to within ±0.3°
• Final vehicle assembly saw reduced panel vibration and fewer fitment issues

This demonstrates how heavy-duty automotive applications rely on highly capable press brake systems.

Conclusion: Strategic Takeaways for Automotive Manufacturers

The automotive industry is in the midst of a once-in-a-century transformation, and press brake technology is evolving in parallel to support this new era of mobility. Whether forming ultra-high-strength steel crash structures, lightweight aluminum EV battery trays, chassis reinforcements, or interior HVAC brackets, press brakes remain essential to automotive production. Their role will not diminish; instead, their relevance will grow as manufacturing becomes more complex, more digitalized, and more performance-driven.

Press Brakes as a Strategic Foundation for Modern Vehicle Design

Press brakes enable automakers to translate complex engineering concepts into precise, manufacturable geometries. Every successful vehicle platform—from traditional gasoline models to the newest BEV architectures—relies heavily on components formed through controlled bending. Without reliable bending systems, automotive factories would struggle to achieve the dimensional accuracy required for safety, aerodynamics, crashworthiness, and NVH optimization.

Tomorrow’s vehicles are expected to integrate hybrid materials, structural battery designs, modular bodies, and lightweight assemblies. Press brakes will be critical in shaping the metal forms that support these innovations. The continued adoption of advanced materials such as UHSS, aluminum, and composites further elevates the strategic importance of bending accuracy.

Automation and Digitalization Will Define the Next Decade

The integration of press brakes into hyperconnected manufacturing systems is no longer optional. Factories are shifting toward:

• Fully automated robotic bending cells
• IIoT-enabled predictive maintenance
• Real-time process monitoring
• AI-assisted bending optimization
• CAM-to-bend digital workflows
• Industry 4.0 predictive analytics

These capabilities increase consistency, reduce scrap, improve cycle time, and enable 24/7 production.

As EV models introduce new geometric and structural requirements, bending programs will need to be optimized more frequently. AI will play a larger role in predicting springback, selecting optimal bending sequences, and ensuring the machine operates within its ideal performance envelope.

Automotive suppliers who invest early in automation-friendly press brakes will gain a significant competitive advantage in cost efficiency, product quality, and production flexibility.

Material Trends Will Shape Press Brake Requirements

Ultra-high-strength steels, aluminum, and magnesium alloys will continue dominating future vehicle architectures. These materials—though beneficial from a performance perspective—present significant bending challenges:

• Greater springback
• Higher cracking risks
• Tighter tolerance requirements
• Increased demand for coated tooling
• More complex bending sequences

Press brake manufacturers must continue developing more intelligent crowning systems, real-time force monitoring, adaptive bending algorithms, and specialized tooling solutions tailored to automotive-grade materials.

Suppliers that can consistently form these difficult materials will be highly valued by OEMs worldwide.

EV Platforms Will Intensify the Importance of Precision Bending

Battery trays, thermal-management structures, and structural battery housings represent some of the most demanding bending applications in the automotive sector. As vehicle manufacturers shift to:

• Cell-to-pack designs
• Cell-to-chassis architectures
• Skateboard-style platforms
• Integrated cooling channels

The demand for precision bending will surge.

Even small deviations in sealing flanges, mounting tabs, or channel depths can compromise battery safety or pack integrity. Press brakes with servo-electric control, laser angle measurement, automatic compensation, and robotic handling will be indispensable for next-generation EV manufacturing.

Balancing Flexibility and Throughput in Automotive Production

Automotive factories must strike a delicate balance between:

• High-volume production
• High-mix components
• Rapid model updates
• Tight tolerances

Press brakes enable this balance by offering fast tool change, adaptive programming, and flexible production capabilities. Tier 1 and Tier 2 suppliers increasingly value machines that can:

• Switch part families quickly
• Adjust to new material specs
• Integrate with AS/RS and robot systems
• Provide universal bending platforms for multiple programs

Flexibility will become a key differentiator in global automotive supply chains.

Strategic Recommendations for Automotive Manufacturers

To maintain competitiveness amid rapid industry change, automotive manufacturers should consider the following strategic directions:

Invest in Automation-Ready Press Brakes

Even partially automated solutions significantly reduce labor dependency and improve quality. Robotic cells also improve workplace safety and ensure round-the-clock production.

Adopt Servo-Electric or Hybrid Bending Technologies

These systems offer higher precision, better energy efficiency, and improved sustainability—particularly valuable for EV aluminum applications.

Standardize Digital Workflows from CAD to Bending

CAM-integrated bending simulation reduces setup time, eliminates errors, and accelerates prototyping.

Prioritize Tooling Optimization and Quality Monitoring

High-strength steels demand premium tooling to maintain angle consistency and avoid premature failure. RFID tool tracking and predictive maintenance enhance reliability.

Prepare for Multimaterial Bending Requirements

Future vehicles will require flexible bending systems able to handle different materials on the same production line with minimal retooling effort.

Final Thoughts: The Evolving Role of Press Brakes in Automotive Manufacturing

The vehicle of the future—lightweight, electrified, autonomous, and modular—will depend on metal components formed with greater precision than at any point in automotive history. Press brakes, once viewed as traditional fabrication equipment, are now evolving into intelligent, highly automated, digitally controlled forming centers.

Their role reaches far beyond simply bending steel. They shape structural integrity. They ensure passenger safety. They enable the architectures of electric and autonomous vehicles. They form the supporting skeletons that define vehicle performance and durability.

As automotive technology continues its rapid evolution, press brakes will remain indispensable tools, driving innovation, ensuring quality, and helping manufacturers stay competitive in an increasingly demanding global market.

FAQs

List of references:

1. https://www.worldautosteel.org/ ↩︎
2. https://www.iatfglobaloversight.org/ ↩︎
3. https://www.euroncap.com/ ↩︎
4. https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/articles ↩︎
5. https://www.aiag.org/ ↩︎
6. https://www.nhtsa.gov/ ↩︎
7. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/operations/our-insights/industry-4-0 ↩︎
8. https://www.worldautosteel.org/ ↩︎
9. https://www.osha.gov/machine-guarding ↩︎
10. https://www.mckinsey.com ↩︎